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Class 9 Spanish Chapter 13 El Tiempo y el Clima — Formulas & Key Points

CBSE Class 9 Spanish Chapter 13 El Tiempo y el Clima teaches A1-level weather and clothing vocabulary essential for everyday conversation and NCERT assessments. This formula sheet presents every weather expression, verb conjugation, seasonal phrase and clothing term in structured tables, along with memory tricks, common errors and three solved examples. Whether you are revising the night before an exam or consolidating notes for term-end revision, this single page replaces scattered textbook references with clear, exam-focused formulas.

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Key takeaways

  • Weather in Spanish uses 'Hace + noun/adjective' constructions, not the verb 'to be' as in English — master this idiomatic structure for all weather descriptions.
  • Impersonal weather verbs like 'llueve', 'nieva' and 'graniza' are always conjugated in third-person singular with no explicit subject — never add a pronoun.
  • Four seasons — primavera, verano, otoño, invierno — each pair with typical weather expressions; link them to appropriate clothing vocabulary for exam questions.
  • Distinguish 'tiempo' (daily weather) from 'clima' (long-term climate patterns) — CBSE questions often test this conceptual difference in comprehension passages.
  • Intensity modifiers 'mucho', 'poco', 'bastante' change meaning significantly — 'Hace mucho calor' is not the same as 'Hace un poco de calor' in oral assessments.
  • Clothing vocabulary splits into warm-weather (camiseta, pantalones cortos, sandalias) and cold-weather (abrigo, jersey, bufanda) — memorise both lists with gender and articles.
  • Use 'Hay + noun' for phenomena like fog and storms — 'Hay niebla', 'Hay tormenta' — this structure differs from 'Hace' and appears in listening comprehension tasks regularly.

Core Weather Expressions with 'Hace' — Formula Table

The backbone of Spanish weather talk is the construction 'Hace + noun/adjective'. Unlike English 'It is sunny', Spanish conceptualises weather as something that 'makes' or 'does'. This table lists every core expression from NCERT Chapter 13 with literal translation and usage context. Memorise these as fixed phrases — they appear in listening, speaking and writing assessments across CBSE Class 9 Spanish exams. Note that 'Hace' never changes for weather; it is always third-person singular present tense of 'hacer'.
  • 'Hace sol' — It is sunny (Literal: It makes sun). Use when describing clear, bright days typical of Indian summer mornings in April-May.
  • 'Hace calor' — It is hot (Literal: It makes heat). Common response when temperature exceeds 30°C; pair with 'mucho' for emphasis: 'Hace mucho calor'.
  • 'Hace frío' — It is cold (Literal: It makes cold). Used for winter conditions in North India (December-January) or hill stations year-round.
  • 'Hace viento' — It is windy (Literal: It makes wind). Describes breezy conditions; add 'mucho viento' for strong gusts during pre-monsoon storms.
  • 'Hace buen tiempo' — The weather is good (Literal: It makes good weather). Generic positive phrase for pleasant days, frequently tested in oral assessments.
  • 'Hace mal tiempo' — The weather is bad (Literal: It makes bad weather). Covers rain, storms, excessive heat or cold — versatile negative weather phrase.

Intensity Modifiers — When and How to Use Them

Adverbs of intensity transform weather expressions from neutral to precise. CBSE oral exams reward students who use 'mucho', 'poco' and 'bastante' correctly. The placement rule is simple: these adverbs come immediately after 'Hace' and before the weather noun or adjective. Misplacing them is a common error that costs marks in speaking assessments. The table below shows correct usage with example temperatures to anchor each intensity level in real Indian weather contexts.
  • 'Hace mucho frío' — It is very cold. Use when temperature drops below 10°C; typical for North Indian winters or hill stations like Shimla.
  • 'Hace bastante frío' — It is quite cold. Mid-range cold, around 12-18°C; comfortable sweater weather in cities like Pune or Bangalore in winter.
  • 'Hace un poco de frío' — It is a bit cold. Mild coolness, 20-22°C; evening chill in Mumbai October-November requires light jacket.
  • 'Hace mucho calor' — It is very hot. Extreme heat above 38°C; Delhi, Rajasthan and Telangana peak summer conditions in May-June.
  • 'Hace poco viento' — It is not very windy (Literal: It makes little wind). Calm conditions, light breeze; useful for describing stable weather.
  • 'Hace bastante sol' — It is quite sunny. Bright sunshine without extreme heat; typical March-April mornings across India before monsoon.

Impersonal Weather Verbs — llueve, nieva, graniza

Three special verbs describe precipitation and always conjugate in third-person singular with no explicit subject. English translates them as 'it rains', 'it snows', 'it hails', but Spanish drops the subject pronoun entirely. These verbs cannot take a personal subject — saying 'Yo lluevo' is grammatically impossible. NCERT Chapter 13 emphasises these for monsoon descriptions (llueve) and mountain weather (nieva). The table below lists conjugation, meaning and typical usage. Remember: these verbs often combine with time phrases like 'ahora' (now), 'mañana' (tomorrow), 'en invierno' (in winter) in CBSE comprehension passages.
  • 'Llueve' (from llover) — It rains. Conjugation is always third-person singular; never say 'lluevo' or 'llueves'. Example: 'En julio llueve mucho en Mumbai.' (In July it rains a lot in Mumbai.)
  • 'Nieva' (from nevar) — It snows. Describes snowfall in mountain regions; rare in plains. Example: 'En diciembre nieva en Manali.' (In December it snows in Manali.)
  • 'Graniza' (from granizar) — It hails. Occasional phenomenon during thunderstorms; less common than rain. Example: 'A veces graniza en primavera.' (Sometimes it hails in spring.)
  • All three verbs can take adverbs: 'Llueve mucho', 'Nieva poco', 'Graniza bastante'. Placement of adverb after verb is standard Spanish word order.
  • In past tense (preterite), forms are 'Llovió', 'Nevó', 'Granizó'. Example: 'Ayer llovió toda la tarde.' (Yesterday it rained all afternoon.) Future: 'Lloverá', 'Nevará', 'Granizará'.
  • Do not confuse verb with noun: 'lluvia' (rain), 'nieve' (snow), 'granizo' (hail). Noun forms appear in phrases like 'Hay lluvia' (There is rain), different from verb 'Llueve'.

Las Cuatro Estaciones — Seasons and Typical Weather

CBSE Class 9 Spanish curriculum covers four seasons with associated weather vocabulary. Each season pairs with characteristic 'Hace' expressions. Indian students must adapt these to local climate: 'invierno' in Chennai is mild (20-25°C), but in Kashmir it brings snow. The table maps season names (with definite articles), typical weather, temperature range and example sentence. Exam questions often ask 'Describe el clima en verano' or 'What clothing do you wear en invierno?' — linking season, weather and clothing vocabulary in one answer.
  • 'La primavera' (spring) — March to May in Northern Hemisphere. Weather: 'Hace templado' (It is mild/temperate). Temperature 20-28°C. Flowers bloom, pleasant conditions. Example: 'En primavera hace buen tiempo y hay flores.' (In spring the weather is good and there are flowers.)
  • 'El verano' (summer) — June to August. Weather: 'Hace mucho calor' and 'Hace sol'. Temperature 35-45°C in North India. Hottest season. Example: 'En verano hace un calor insoportable.' (In summer it is unbearably hot.)
  • 'El otoño' (autumn/fall) — September to November. Weather: 'Hace un poco de frío' or 'Hace fresco' (It is cool). Temperature 18-25°C. Leaves fall. Example: 'En otoño las hojas cambian de color.' (In autumn leaves change colour.)
  • 'El invierno' (winter) — December to February. Weather: 'Hace frío' or 'Hace mucho frío'. Temperature 5-20°C depending on region. Coldest season. Example: 'En invierno nieva en las montañas.' (In winter it snows in the mountains.)
  • Use preposition 'en' before season name: 'en primavera', 'en verano'. Never 'durante primavera' at A1 level; NCERT uses 'en' consistently.
  • Distinguish 'el clima' (climate — long-term pattern) from 'el tiempo' (weather — daily conditions). Exam questions: 'Describe el clima de tu ciudad' vs 'Describe el tiempo de hoy'.

Ropa para Clima Cálido — Warm-Weather Clothing Vocabulary

When 'Hace calor', Spanish speakers choose light, breathable clothing. CBSE exams test this vocabulary in dialogues: 'Cuando hace calor, ¿qué ropa llevas?' (When it is hot, what clothing do you wear?) The table lists essential warm-weather garments with gender (masculine/feminine), plural forms and example sentences. Indian students relate easily — summer clothing in Delhi, Mumbai or Chennai mirrors these items. Memorise articles ('una camiseta', 'unos pantalones cortos') because CBSE written tasks deduct marks for missing or incorrect articles.
  • 'Una camiseta' (f.) — a T-shirt. Plural: 'unas camisetas'. Example: 'En verano llevo una camiseta de algodón.' (In summer I wear a cotton T-shirt.)
  • 'Unos pantalones cortos' (m. pl.) — shorts. Always plural in Spanish. Example: 'Cuando hace mucho calor, prefiero pantalones cortos.' (When it is very hot, I prefer shorts.)
  • 'Una falda' (f.) — a skirt. Plural: 'unas faldas'. Example: 'Ella lleva una falda ligera.' (She wears a light skirt.)
  • 'Un vestido' (m.) — a dress. Plural: 'unos vestidos'. Example: 'Mi hermana lleva un vestido bonito en primavera.' (My sister wears a pretty dress in spring.)
  • 'Sandalias' (f. pl.) — sandals. Example: 'Prefiero sandalias cuando hace sol.' (I prefer sandals when it is sunny.)
  • 'Gafas de sol' (f. pl.) — sunglasses. Always plural. Example: 'Necesito gafas de sol porque hace mucho sol.' (I need sunglasses because it is very sunny.)
  • 'Un sombrero' (m.) — a hat. Example: 'Llevo un sombrero para protegerme del sol.' (I wear a hat to protect myself from the sun.)

Ropa para Clima Frío — Cold-Weather Clothing Vocabulary

Cold weather demands layered, insulating clothing. This vocabulary appears in CBSE listening comprehension passages describing trips to hill stations or winter in North India. The table lists garments with articles, plurals and usage notes. Pay attention to synonyms: 'un jersey' and 'un suéter' both mean sweater (regional variation — Spain vs Latin America). NCERT accepts both. Also note 'un gorro' (beanie) vs 'un sombrero' (general hat) — exams sometimes test this distinction in multiple-choice questions.
  • 'Un abrigo' (m.) — a coat. Heavy outer garment. Example: 'En invierno necesito un abrigo grueso.' (In winter I need a thick coat.)
  • 'Una chaqueta' (f.) — a jacket. Lighter than abrigo. Example: 'Llevo una chaqueta cuando hace un poco de frío.' (I wear a jacket when it is a bit cold.)
  • 'Un jersey' (m.) / 'Un suéter' (m.) — a sweater/jumper. Synonyms; both correct. Example: 'Prefiero un jersey de lana.' (I prefer a wool sweater.)
  • 'Unos guantes' (m. pl.) — gloves. Always plural. Example: 'Necesito guantes cuando nieva.' (I need gloves when it snows.)
  • 'Una bufanda' (f.) — a scarf. Worn around neck. Example: 'Llevo una bufanda roja en invierno.' (I wear a red scarf in winter.)
  • 'Un gorro' (m.) — a beanie/winter hat. Covers head. Example: 'Mi hermano lleva un gorro de lana.' (My brother wears a wool beanie.)
  • 'Botas' (f. pl.) — boots. Always plural. Example: 'Cuando nieva, llevo botas impermeables.' (When it snows, I wear waterproof boots.)

Using 'Hay' for Weather Phenomena — Fog, Storms, Clouds

The verb 'haber' (to have/there is) appears in weather expressions as 'Hay + noun phrase'. This structure describes presence of weather phenomena that are not captured by 'Hace' or impersonal verbs. The table lists common 'Hay' phrases with meaning and example. CBSE comprehension passages often include sentences like 'Hay mucha niebla por la mañana' (There is a lot of fog in the morning) to test understanding of 'Hay' vs 'Hace'. Distinguish: 'Hace niebla' is incorrect; only 'Hay niebla' is grammatically correct. This is a frequent error in student writing.
  • 'Hay niebla' — There is fog. Example: 'En invierno hay mucha niebla en el río.' (In winter there is a lot of fog on the river.) Never say 'Hace niebla'.
  • 'Hay nubes' — There are clouds. Plural noun. Example: 'Hoy hay muchas nubes en el cielo.' (Today there are many clouds in the sky.)
  • 'Hay tormenta' — There is a storm. Example: 'Ayer hubo una tormenta fuerte.' (Yesterday there was a strong storm.) Past tense 'hubo' (preterite of 'haber').
  • 'Hay lluvia' — There is rain. Noun form, alternative to verb 'llueve'. Example: 'Mañana habrá lluvia.' (Tomorrow there will be rain.) Future 'habrá'.
  • 'Hay sol' — There is sun. Less common than 'Hace sol', but grammatically correct. Example: 'Hay mucho sol en verano.' (There is a lot of sun in summer.)
  • Intensity with 'Hay': use 'mucho/mucha/muchos/muchas' agreeing with noun gender and number. 'Hay mucha niebla' (feminine singular), 'Hay muchas nubes' (feminine plural).

Common Mistakes and Sign/Unit/Notation Errors

CBSE Class 9 Spanish students frequently make avoidable mistakes in weather expressions. This section lists the top five errors identified by examiners, with incorrect and correct versions. Review these carefully before exams — even small mistakes reduce scores in oral and written assessments. For example, confusing 'tiempo' and 'clima' in essay questions costs conceptual understanding marks, while misplacing intensity adverbs signals weak grammar foundation. Temperature notation also matters: write '30 grados Celsius' or abbreviate '30°C', never '30 degrees' in Spanish text.
  • **Mistake 1:** Writing 'Yo lluevo' or adding subject pronouns to impersonal verbs. **Correct:** 'Llueve' (no subject). Impersonal verbs never take personal subjects.
  • **Mistake 2:** Saying 'Hace niebla' instead of 'Hay niebla'. **Correct:** Use 'Hay' for fog, clouds, storms — phenomena described as nouns, not weather 'made' by 'hacer'.
  • **Mistake 3:** Omitting articles before clothing: 'Llevo camiseta'. **Correct:** 'Llevo una camiseta.' Spanish requires indefinite article; English often drops it.
  • **Mistake 4:** Confusing 'el tiempo' (weather) with 'el clima' (climate) in exam answers. **Correct:** 'El tiempo de hoy' (today's weather) vs 'El clima de India' (India's climate — long-term).
  • **Mistake 5:** Misplacing intensity adverbs: 'Hace calor mucho'. **Correct:** 'Hace mucho calor.' Adverb comes immediately after 'Hace' and before weather noun/adjective.
  • **Temperature notation:** Write 'La temperatura es de 35 grados Celsius' or '35°C'. Avoid 'thirty-five degrees' in Spanish text; spell number in words or use digits with unit.

Memory Tricks and Mnemonics for Weather Vocabulary

Memorising 50+ weather and clothing terms can overwhelm students. These mnemonics and memory aids have helped thousands of CBSE Class 9 learners across India ace Spanish weather vocabulary. Use phonetic similarity, visual association and grouping by category. For example, 'Hace' sounds like English 'essay' — imagine writing an essay about the weather. 'Llueve' rhymes with 'wave' — picture rain falling in waves. 'Bufanda' has 'buf' like 'puff' of warm breath in cold air. Create your own associations and practise daily for two weeks before exams; active recall beats passive reading.
  • **'Hace' mnemonic:** 'Hace' = 'essay' sound. Remember: 'Write an essay describing weather with Hace + adjective.'
  • **Seasons in order:** 'Primavera' starts with 'P' for plants (spring blooms). 'Verano' has 'ver' like 'very hot' (summer). 'Otoño' has 'o' like orange leaves (autumn). 'Invierno' has 'in' like 'in the cold' (winter).
  • **Impersonal verb trio:** 'Llueve, Nieva, Graniza' — all end in '-eve' or '-iza', no subject ever. Rhyme: 'Rain, snow, hail / subjects fail.'
  • **Hot vs cold clothing split:** Hot clothing has short words (camiseta, falda, sandalias). Cold clothing has long/layered words (abrigo, bufanda, guantes). Visual: short words = short sleeves.
  • **'Hay' vs 'Hace':** 'Hay' = 'eye' sound. Use 'Hay' when you SEE a thing (fog, clouds, storms). 'Hace' = action, the weather DOES something (makes heat, cold, wind).
  • **'Gafas de sol' reminder:** 'Gafas' sounds like 'golf-us' — imagine golfers wearing sunglasses. 'De sol' = of sun. Always plural: you have two lenses.

Three Solved Mini-Examples Applying Formulas

These three worked examples mirror typical CBSE Class 9 Spanish exam questions on El Tiempo y el Clima. Each demonstrates correct application of 'Hace' constructions, impersonal verbs, seasonal vocabulary and clothing choices. Read the question, attempt mentally, then check the solution. Notice how solutions combine multiple elements — weather + season + clothing — in natural sentences. Practice writing similar answers in 40-60 words for CBSE term-end exams. CBSETUTOR.ai offers unlimited practice with 24×7 AI feedback on your Spanish weather descriptions; upload handwritten answers via photo and get instant corrections at just ₹999/month, one price for all subjects and classes 6 to 12. Start your 3-day free trial today.

One-Glance Last-Minute Revision Box

Use this condensed table 10 minutes before your CBSE Spanish exam. It captures every critical formula, verb and vocabulary cluster from Chapter 13 El Tiempo y el Clima. Cover the right column, test yourself on the left, then reveal answers. Repeat three times. This active recall technique boosts retention far more than passive reading. Print this box or screenshot it on your phone for quick revision during school breaks. Remember: quality revision beats cramming; focus on accurate usage of 'Hace', impersonal verbs and article agreement with clothing nouns. These three areas account for 60 percent of marks in weather-themed CBSE questions.
  • **Core weather phrases:** Hace sol | Hace calor | Hace frío | Hace viento | Hace buen tiempo | Hace mal tiempo. Memorise as fixed chunks, always with 'Hace'.
  • **Intensity adverbs:** Mucho (very/a lot) | Poco (little/not much) | Bastante (quite/rather). Placement: immediately after 'Hace', before weather word. Example: Hace mucho frío.
  • **Impersonal verbs (no subject):** Llueve (it rains) | Nieva (it snows) | Graniza (it hails). Never add 'yo', 'tú', 'él'. Always third-person singular.
  • **'Hay' phrases (there is/are):** Hay niebla (fog) | Hay tormenta (storm) | Hay nubes (clouds). Use 'Hay', not 'Hace', for these nouns.
  • **Four seasons:** La primavera (spring) — templado | El verano (summer) — mucho calor | El otoño (autumn) — fresco | El invierno (winter) — frío, nieva.
  • **Hot-weather clothing (7 items):** Una camiseta | Unos pantalones cortos | Una falda | Un vestido | Sandalias | Gafas de sol | Un sombrero. All with correct articles.
  • **Cold-weather clothing (7 items):** Un abrigo | Una chaqueta | Un jersey/suéter | Unos guantes | Una bufanda | Un gorro | Botas. Check gender and plurality.
  • **Tiempo vs clima:** Tiempo = daily weather (Hoy hace sol). Clima = long-term patterns (El clima de España es templado). Do not mix in exam answers.
  • **Temperature format:** 'La temperatura es de [number] grados Celsius' or '[number]°C'. Spell number or use digit with unit. Example: 25 grados Celsius.
  • **Common error check:** No subject with llueve/nieva/graniza | Use 'Hay' not 'Hace' for fog/clouds/storms | Always include article before clothing | Adverb after 'Hace'.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between 'el tiempo' and 'el clima' in Spanish weather vocabulary?+
'El tiempo' refers to daily or short-term weather conditions — what you see when you look outside today (Hoy hace sol, llueve, etc.). 'El clima' describes long-term weather patterns over years or decades typical of a region (El clima de India es tropical). CBSE exams often test this distinction in comprehension passages, so remember: tiempo = today's weather, clima = regional climate pattern.
Why do we say 'Hace calor' and not 'Es calor' when describing hot weather in Spanish?+
Spanish conceptualises weather as something that 'happens' or 'is made', using the verb 'hacer' (to do/make) in the idiomatic third-person form 'Hace'. English says 'It is hot' (using 'to be'), but Spanish says 'Hace calor' (literally: It makes heat). This is a core grammar point in NCERT Chapter 13; never translate word-for-word from English. Always use 'Hace + weather noun/adjective'.
Can I use a subject pronoun like 'ello' with weather verbs such as 'llueve' or 'nieva'?+
No. Weather verbs 'llueve', 'nieva' and 'graniza' are impersonal verbs that never take a subject pronoun in Spanish. There is no equivalent to English 'it' — you simply say 'Llueve' (It rains), 'Nieva' (It snows). Writing 'Ello llueve' or 'Él nieva' is grammatically incorrect and will lose marks in CBSE exams. These verbs are always conjugated in third-person singular with no explicit subject.
How do I choose between 'mucho', 'poco' and 'bastante' when describing weather intensity?+
These adverbs modify intensity: 'mucho' means 'very/a lot' (extreme conditions), 'bastante' means 'quite/rather' (moderate-high), and 'poco' means 'a little/not much' (low intensity). For example, if temperature is 42°C, say 'Hace mucho calor'. If 28°C, say 'Hace bastante calor'. If 22°C (mild), say 'Hace un poco de calor'. Place the adverb immediately after 'Hace' and before the weather word: 'Hace mucho frío', never 'Hace frío mucho'.
What clothing vocabulary should I memorise for hot weather vs cold weather in Chapter 13?+
For hot weather (Hace calor): camiseta (T-shirt), pantalones cortos (shorts), falda (skirt), vestido (dress), sandalias (sandals), gafas de sol (sunglasses), sombrero (hat). For cold weather (Hace frío): abrigo (coat), chaqueta (jacket), jersey/suéter (sweater), guantes (gloves), bufanda (scarf), gorro (beanie), botas (boots). Memorise with correct articles (una camiseta, un abrigo) because CBSE deducts marks for missing articles.
Is there any difference between 'un jersey' and 'un suéter' in Spanish clothing vocabulary?+
Both mean 'sweater' and are fully interchangeable at CBSE Class 9 level. 'Jersey' is more common in Spain, while 'suéter' is preferred in Latin America. NCERT accepts both in exams. Choose one and use it consistently in your answers. Both are masculine nouns: 'un jersey', 'un suéter'. Plural: 'unos jerséis', 'unos suéteres'.
When should I use 'Hay niebla' instead of 'Hace niebla' for describing foggy weather?+
Always use 'Hay niebla' (There is fog), never 'Hace niebla'. The verb 'haber' (to have/there is) describes the presence of weather phenomena that are nouns — fog, clouds, storms. 'Hacer' is reserved for weather described as adjectives or abstract conditions (hot, cold, windy, sunny). This is a common mistake: 'Hace' cannot be used with 'niebla', 'tormenta' or 'nubes'. Correct: 'Hay niebla', 'Hay tormenta', 'Hay nubes'.
How do I write temperature correctly in Spanish for CBSE exams?+
Write 'La temperatura es de [number] grados Celsius' or simply '[number]°C'. For example: 'La temperatura es de 35 grados Celsius' or 'Hace 35°C'. You can spell the number in words ('treinta y cinco grados') or use digits. Never write 'thirty-five degrees' in Spanish text. The word 'grados' is essential; omitting it is incorrect. In informal contexts '35 grados' alone is acceptable if Celsius is understood.
What are the four seasons in Spanish and which weather expressions pair with each one?+
The four seasons are: la primavera (spring) — 'Hace templado' (It is mild), el verano (summer) — 'Hace mucho calor y sol' (It is very hot and sunny), el otoño (autumn) — 'Hace fresco' or 'Hace un poco de frío' (It is cool), el invierno (winter) — 'Hace frío' and 'Nieva en las montañas' (It is cold and it snows in the mountains). Use the preposition 'en' before season: 'en verano', 'en invierno'. These pairings are standard in CBSE exam questions.
Can CBSETUTOR.ai help me practise weather descriptions and get instant feedback on my Spanish writing?+
Yes. CBSETUTOR.ai provides 24×7 AI tutoring where you can upload photos of your handwritten Spanish weather descriptions and receive instant corrections and suggestions. The platform covers all CBSE Class 9 Spanish chapters including El Tiempo y el Clima, with unlimited practice questions, grammar checks and pronunciation tips. One subscription at ₹999/month covers every subject from Class 6 to 12. Start with a free 3-day trial — no credit card needed — and see how personalised AI feedback accelerates your Spanish fluency before term-end exams.

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