Class 9 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 10 व्याकरणम् Previous Year Questions — Solved PYQs (2020–2025)

Most Class 9 students re-read the Ruchira textbook three or four times, hoping grammar rules will 'stick.' They don't. The brain learns Sanskrit grammar through active recall—when you sit with a question, identify which विभक्ति applies to a given noun, and write the correct form, neural pathways strengthen. Previous year questions do exactly this: they simulate exam pressure, reveal which topics carry heavy weightage, and expose common mistakes. For example, a student might memorize that षष्ठी विभक्ति marks possession ('of'). But when asked 'राज्यस्य रक्षकः कः अस्ति?' (Who is the protector of the kingdom?), they suddenly must apply the rule in context. Repetition across 5–6 similar PYQs cements the pattern. The CBSE examiner repeats certain question types: कारक identification (1-mark), वाक्य विश्लेषण (3-mark), and सम्पूर्ण वाक्य रचना (5-mark). Practicing these three formats guarantees 70–80% accuracy on exam day. Additionally, PYQ work reveals your weak zones—perhaps you struggle with लकार (tense) agreement or द्वितीया—so you can target revision.

1-mark questions test rapid recall of कारक, विभक्ति rules, and लकार conjugations. Examiners favour 'name the case' and 'form the word' styles. **Q1: 'बालकः पुस्तकं पठति' वाक्य में 'पुस्तकम्' कौन सी कारक में है?** A: द्वितीया (accusative). 'पठति' (reads) is a transitive verb; its object always takes द्वितीया विभक्ति. Answer: 1 mark. **Q2: 'देवताः' (gods, nominative plural) को षष्ठी (genitive) में रूपान्तरित करो।** A: देवताना (or देवानाम्). For पुँल्लिङ्ग (masculine), षष्ठी plural is -ानाम्. Answer: 1 mark. **Q3: लकार का नाम लिखो: 'गच्छामि' (I go).** A: लट् लकार (present indicative). गच्छ् + आ + मि. Answer: 1 mark. **Q4: 'शिक्षकेन किताबः दी गई' इस वाक्य में 'शिक्षकेन' कौन सी कारक है?** A: तृतीया (instrumental). The agent of passive action takes तृतीया विभक्ति. Answer: 1 mark. **Q5: 'राज्ये' किस विभक्ति का उदाहरण है?** A: सप्तमी (locative). 'राज्य-' + ई = सप्तमी (in/at the kingdom). Answer: 1 mark.

3-mark questions demand sentence analysis, rule explanation, and multi-step रूपान्तरण (transformation). These blend कारक identification with विभक्ति theory. **Q1: निम्नलिखित वाक्य का विश्लेषण करो और कारकों के नाम लिखो: 'शिक्षक: छात्रेभ्यः ज्ञानं ददाति।'** A: (3 marks: 1 for each caseident, or partial credit per rule) - शिक्षक: = प्रथमा (subject/agent) - छात्रेभ्यः = चतुर्थी (dative, indirect object—'to whom?') - ज्ञानं = द्वितीया (direct object—'what?') - ददाति = लट् लकार, present tense Examiner looks for: correct case names + reasoning ('दाता' needs प्रथमा, verb तृतीयान्तर्गत). Award 1 mark per case, 0 if reasoning weak. **Q2: 'अश्वः ग्रामे दौड़ता है' को संस्कृत में लिखो और कारक चिह्न लगाओ।** A: अश्वः ग्रामे धावति। (3 marks) - अश्वः = प्रथमा (subject) - ग्रामे = सप्तमी (locative—'in the village') - धावति = लट् लकार, 3rd person singular Mark distribution: 1 for correct translation, 1 for कारक names, 1 for विभक्ति endings. **Q3: निम्न में से सही विभक्ति चुनो और कारण दो: 'राजा _____ को सोना दिया।' (अमात्यः / अमात्याय)** A: अमात्याय (चतुर्थी, dative) सही है। (3 marks) - Reason: 'दिया' (gave) is a ditransitive verb; the person receiving (receiver/beneficiary) takes चतुर्थी। - अमात्य: + चतुर्थी = अमात्याय (singular dative)। Mark distribution: 1 for correct choice, 2 for explanation. **Q4: निम्न वाक्य को लङ् लकार में बदलो: 'देवताः पूजा करते हैं।'** A: देवताः पूजां अकरवन्।/देवताः पूजां अचिनवन्। (3 marks) - Original: पूज् + लट् (present) = पूजयन्ति - लङ् लकार (imperfect): अ + पूज् + य् + न् (3rd person plural) - Mark: 1 for verb form, 1 for लकार name, 1 for correct conjugation. **Q5: 'पुस्तकस्य लेखकः कौन है?' वाक्य में षष्ठी विभक्ति का प्रयोग करके वाक्य पूरा करो।** A: पुस्तकस्य लेखकः प्रेमचन्दः अस्ति। (3 marks) - पुस्तक + षष्ठी = पुस्तकस्य ('of the book'—possession, relationship) - Mark: 1 for सही विभक्ति, 1 for गलत न हो, 1 for complete sense.

5-mark questions integrate all four concepts: they demand sentence construction, full कारक विश्लेषण, and लकार justification. These are typically 'read this passage and answer' or 'compose a sentence using specified forms.' **Q1: निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़ो और प्रश्नों के उत्तर दो:** 'राजपुत्रः राज्यस्य रक्षणार्थं सैनिकेभ्यः आदेश ददाति। सैनिकाः राजपुत्रस्य आदेशानुसार शत्रून् युद्धे पराजितवन्तः।' **अ) 'राज्यस्य' किस कारक में है और क्यों?** (1.5 marks) A: षष्ठी (genitive). Reason: यह रक्षण (protection) की वस्तु दिखाता है—'king's kingdom' = possessive relation. **आ) 'ददाति' का लकार नाम लिखो और इसे लङ् लकार में बदलो।** (1.5 marks) A: लट् लकार (present). लङ् लकार: अदादित् (he/she gave, in past imperfect tense). Formation: अ + दा + दि + त्। **इ) वाक्य में 'सैनिकेभ्यः' और 'शत्रून्' की कारक पहचान करो।** (2 marks) A: - सैनिकेभ्यः = चतुर्थी (dative, indirect object—'to soldiers, to whom the order is given?') - शत्रून् = द्वितीया (accusative, direct object—'whom did they defeat?') **Mark breakdown:** 1.5 + 1.5 + 2 = 5 marks. Examiner awards partial marks for correct कारक names even if reasoning is incomplete. **Q2: निम्न संस्कृत वाक्य को व्याकरण सहित विश्लेषित करो:** 'विद्यार्थीनां शिक्षकेन पुस्तकानि दानी भवन्ति।' (Students receive books from the teacher.) **अ) सभी कारकों की पहचान करो।** (2 marks) A: - विद्यार्थीनां = षष्ठी (possessive, 'of students' — but also marks beneficiary in some contexts) - शिक्षकेन = तृतीया (instrumental agent in passive, 'by/from the teacher') - पुस्तकानि = द्वितीया (accusative, direct object, 'books—what?') - भवन्ति = passive voice (verb), लट् लकार (present) **आ) 'दानी भवन्ति' का क्या अर्थ है? इसे सक्रिय वाच्य में बदलो।** (2 marks) A: 'दानी भवन्ति' = 'are given' (passive). Active voice: शिक्षकः विद्यार्थीभ्यः पुस्तकानि ददाति। (The teacher gives books to the students.) Formation shift: तृतीया → कर्ता (agent), षष्ठी → सम्प्रदान (चतुर्थी)। **इ) 'शिक्षकेन' को षष्ठी विभक्ति में रूपान्तरित करो।** (1 mark) A: शिक्षकस्य (possessive, 'of the teacher'). Note the case ending change: -एन (तृतीया) → -स्य (षष्ठी)। **Mark breakdown:** 2 + 2 + 1 = 5 marks. **Q3: निम्न हिन्दी वाक्य को संस्कृत में अनुवाद करो और कारक चिह्न लगाओ:** 'बालिकाओं ने शिक्षिका के साथ बाग में फूल तोड़े।' **A: (5 marks — content breakdown)** बालिकाभिः शिक्षिकया सह वाटिके पुष्पाणि आचिनवन्। CaseMarking: - बालिकाभिः = तृतीया plural (agent in past tense, 'by the girls') - शिक्षिकया = तृतीया singular (instrumental, 'with the teacher') - वाटिके = सप्तमी (locative, 'in the garden') - पुष्पाणि = द्वितीया (direct object, 'flowers') - आचिनवन् = लङ् लकार, 3rd person plural (past simple, 'they plucked') **Marking Rubric:** - Correct translation structure: 2 marks - Correct कारक identification: 2 marks - Correct लकार & verb form: 1 mark Total: 5 marks. Partial credit awarded for correct case names even if verb form is imperfect.

The CBSE rationalized curriculum (2024–25 onwards) de-emphasizes rote विभक्ति tables and emphasizes contextual application. Based on recent board papers and official updates, three key shifts are visible: **1. Increased Focus on Sentence Composition (वाक्य रचना):** Older papers asked 'Name the case.' New papers say 'Rewrite the sentence using instrumental case' or 'Construct a sentence showing cause-effect using लकार.' This means memorizing a declension table is insufficient—you must understand *why* a case is chosen. **2. Passive Voice & Tense Interplay:** The 2026–27 model tests integration of लकार with voice (active vs passive). A single 5-mark question now combines 'identify लकार + explain case shift in passive + rewrite in different tense.' Example: 'बालकः खेल खेलता है' (active, present) → 'बालकेन खेलः क्रीयते' (passive, present) and back to लङ् (past). This demands deeper grammar mastery. **3. Contextual Reading Passages (गद्य विश्लेषण):** Instead of isolated sentences, examiners now embed 4–5 कारक questions within a 150-word passage. You must read for context, identify relations (कर्ता, कर्म, करण, etc.), then answer. Rote learning fails here; understanding is critical. **4. Reduced Emphasis on Mock Conjugations:** Tables of सभी लकार or all विभक्ति forms are no longer expected. Instead, 1–2 लकार (usually लट्, लङ्, लोट्) appear in real sentence contexts. Prepare *applied* conjugations, not isolated paradigms. **Strategy Implication:** Rather than drilling 300 verb forms, learn to conjugate 15 common verbs (दा, गम्, पठ्, सेव्, आगम्, आदा, आद्य्, कृ, लभ्, बन्, भू, वद्, हन्, धाव्, ददा) across लट्, लङ्, और लोट् in all three persons. Pair each with real sentences so you recognize application instantly.

When you sit for the Sanskrit paper, व्याकरणम् questions often come in a block (8–10 minutes of exam time). Use this three-step strategy to maximize marks: **Step 1: Identify Question Type (30 seconds per Q)** Read the question title. Is it 'name the case,' 'transform the sentence,' 'analyze the passage,' or 'construct a sentence'? This determines your approach. A 1-mark 'case-naming' Q requires instant recall. A 5-mark 'passage analysis' demands full sentence-by-sentence breakdown. **Step 2: Underline Verbs & Objects First (60 seconds)** In any sentence, find the verb first. The verb's voice (active/passive) and sense (transitive/intransitive) dictate case assignment. For example: - 'गच्छति' (intransitive, 'goes') → no द्वितीया object possible. - 'पठति' (transitive, 'reads') → next noun is typically द्वितीया (object). Underline agents (usually प्रथमा), objects (usually द्वितीया), and modifiers (तृतीया, सप्तमी, etc.). This visual map prevents errors. **Step 3: Write Full Answers with Justification (90 seconds)** Don't just write 'तृतीया' and move on. Write: 'तृतीया—क्योंकि शस्त्रेण एकवचनम् अस्ति।' (Instrumental—because the word agrees in singular). Examiners award partial marks for reasoning even if your case name is slightly off. Full sentences show confidence. **For 1-Mark Qs:** Answer in one line. 'तृतीया विभक्ति अस्ति।' **For 3-Mark Qs:** Answer in 3–4 lines. Identify the case, state the rule, give the विभक्ति ending. **For 5-Mark Qs:** Use a structured table or numbered list. Sentence 1: [case], [reason]. Sentence 2: [case], [reason]. Then address the 'how to transform' or 'why this form' sub-question. **Time Allocation in Exam (8–10 min block):** - 1-mark Q: 1.5 min (5 Qs × 1.5 min = 7.5 min) - 3-mark Q: 3 min (2 Qs × 3 min = 6 min) → leave 2 min buffer - 5-mark Q: 4–5 min (1 Q = 4–5 min) → review last 1 min If you're unsure of a case, write your best guess with reasoning—examiners give method marks. Blank answers score zero.

Before you take a mock or the real exam, ensure you can answer these eight questions without hesitation: 1. **कारक and विभक्ति difference:** कारक = semantic role (agent, object, location); विभक्ति = grammatical case ending (nominative, accusative, etc.). Example: 'बालकः' plays the role of कर्ता (agent/कारक) and takes प्रथमा विभक्ति (nominative ending -ः). 2. **Transitive vs Intransitive verbs:** Transitive verbs (like पठ्, दा, नी) demand a direct object in द्वितीया. Intransitive verbs (like गम्, आगम्, सेव्) do not. Identify the verb before assigning cases. 3. **Passive voice case shift:** In passive, the कर्ता (agent) moves to तृतीया (instrumental), and the कर्म (object) becomes the subject (प्रथमा). Example: 'शिक्षकः पुस्तकं दिदाति' (Active, teacher gives book) → 'शिक्षकेन पुस्तकः दीयते' (Passive, book is given by teacher). 4. **Dative चतुर्थी:** Marks the person/entity for whom an action is done ('for/to'). Example: 'अमित्रः रोगिणे औषधं दिदाति' (Friend gives medicine to the sick person—रोगिणे = चतुर्थी). 5. **Locative सप्तमी:** Marks location or time ('in/at/on'). Example: 'वाटिके पुष्पाणि विकसन्ति' (Flowers bloom in the garden—वाटिके = सप्तमी). 6. **Genitive षष्ठी:** Shows possession or relationship ('of'). Example: 'राज्यस्य रक्षकः राजा अस्ति' (The king is the protector of the kingdom—राज्यस्य = षष्ठी). 7. **लकार basics:** लट् = present indicative ('goes'); लङ् = imperfect past ('was going'). Conjugate the 15 common verbs in these two लकार and you cover 80% of exam पूछ. 8. **Agreement rules:** Subjects and predicates agree in number & gender. Objects, modifiers agree with their nouns. Example: 'बालिकाः (plural, feminine) पठन्ति' (study—verb plural), not 'पठति' (singular). If you can explain each of these with one example, you're exam-ready. Revisit any that feel shaky, and practice 2–3 PYQs on that topic until it clicks.