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Important Questions: CBSE Class 10 Hindi — Sparsh Chapter 16 व्याकरण और रचना

Chapter 16 व्याकरण और रचना is the grammar backbone of CBSE Class 10 Hindi — Sparsh. Unlike literature chapters, this unit synthesizes all technical and compositional skills assessed in the board exam: रस (Rasa), अलंकार (Figures of Speech), वाच्य (Voice), पद-परिचय (Parsing), अनुच्छेद-लेखन (Paragraph Writing), पत्र-लेखन (Letter Writing), and विज्ञापन-लेखन (Advertisement Writing). Together they account for approximately 15-18 marks, primarily in Section B. Mastery of these topics ensures predictable, high-scoring performance.

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Key takeaways

✓Chapter 16 व्याकरण और रचना consolidates grammar topics worth 15-18 marks in the CBSE Class 10 Hindi board exam, mostly in Section B.
✓रस (Rasa) questions test identification of रस, स्थायी भाव, and examples — typically 2-3 marks.
✓अलंकार (Alankara) questions require distinguishing अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष, उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, and मानवीकरण with examples — 2-3 marks.
✓वाच्य (Voice) conversions — कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य — are formula-driven and carry 2 marks.
✓पद-परिचय (Parsing) is analytical; expect to identify शब्द-भेद, लिंग, वचन, कारक, क्रिया-भेद in a sentence — 3 marks.
✓पत्र-लेखन (formal/informal) and अनुच्छेद-लेखन are 5-mark questions; विज्ञापन-लेखन can appear as 3-5 marks.
✓CBSE favours unseen examples to test concept application rather than rote theory; practice diverse sentence structures for वाच्य and पद-परिचय.

Chapter Overview and Marks Weightage in CBSE Class 10 Board Exam

व्याकरण और रचना is tested across multiple question formats in the CBSE Class 10 Hindi board paper. Typically Section B (Writing Skills) and Section C (Grammar) allocate 15-18 marks in total. रस and अलंकार appear as 2-mark or 3-mark identification and example questions. वाच्य conversions are 2 marks, often asked as sentence transformation. पद-परिचय is a 3-mark analytical question where students parse each word in a given sentence. अनुच्छेद-लेखन and पत्र-लेखन are 5 marks each; one is mandatory in Section B. विज्ञापन-लेखन may appear as an optional 3-5 mark question. Because grammar is formula-based, most students find it more reliable than subjective literature answers. A focused 10-12 hours of practice across रस, अलंकार, and वाच्य can lock in 8-10 marks alone. The 2024 CBSE sample paper featured a पद-परिचय question on 'राम ने फल खाया' and a पत्र-लेखन on noise pollution in the neighbourhood.

रस: 2-3 marks — identify रस type, state स्थायी भाव, justify with example lines.
अलंकार: 2-3 marks — name अलंकार, explain, provide one original example.
वाच्य: 2 marks — convert given sentence to कर्म/भाव/कर्तृवाच्य.
पद-परिचय: 3 marks — parse 3-4 words with शब्द-भेद, लिंग, वचन, कारक, क्रिया-भेद.
अनुच्छेद-लेखन: 5 marks — 100-120 words, structured introduction-body-conclusion.
पत्र-लेखन: 5 marks — औपचारिक (formal) or अनौपचारिक (informal) format.
विज्ञापन-लेखन: 3-5 marks — catchy headline, essential details, compact layout.

1-Mark Questions (MCQ/VSA) — रस, अलंकार, वाच्य Fundamentals

One-mark questions test conceptual recall and definition accuracy. They appear as multiple-choice or very short answer formats in Section C. The 2023 paper carried two 1-mark MCQs on रस and अलंकार identification. Students must know the nine रस (श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत) and their स्थायी भाव, as well as the six major अलंकार categories. For वाच्य, expect definition-based MCQs: which वाच्य emphasises the action itself? (भाववाच्य). Answers should be crisp; one sentence or a single word suffices. These marks are easy if terminology is memorised correctly. Practice 15-20 MCQs from previous years and sample papers to cover the spectrum of micro-concepts.

2-Mark Questions — रस और अलंकार की पहचान एवं उदाहरण

Two-mark questions require identification plus justification or a self-created example. For रस, the question provides two poetic lines and asks 'कौन-सा रस है और स्थायी भाव बताइए।' Students must name the रस and state the स्थायी भाव in one sentence. For अलंकार, the question may ask 'अलंकार का नाम लिखकर एक नया उदाहरण दीजिए।' Full marks need correct name, definition (optional but safe), and a valid original sentence. Common pitfalls include confusing यमक and अनुप्रास, or misidentifying रूपक as उपमा. Revise the standard definitions from NCERT and practice creating examples on the spot. Time allocation: 2-3 minutes per question. Write clearly; examiners appreciate bullet-point structure for definition + example.

2-Mark Questions — वाच्य रूपांतरण (Voice Conversion)

वाच्य conversion questions are formula-driven and score-friendly. The question gives a sentence in one वाच्य and asks you to convert it to another. Remember: कर्तृवाच्य emphasises the doer (कर्ता + ने + कर्म + क्रिया); कर्मवाच्य emphasises the object (कर्म + 'से' postposition + जाना verb conjugation); भाववाच्य emphasises the action itself (कर्ता + 'से' + मूल क्रिया + जाना in neuter singular). The 2024 sample paper asked 'मोहन ने पत्र लिखा' को कर्मवाच्य में बदलिए। Answer: 'मोहन से पत्र लिखा गया।' Practice at least 20 conversions covering affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences. Mark distribution: 1 mark for correct sentence structure, 1 mark for proper verb form. Time: 2 minutes per conversion.

3-Mark Questions — पद-परिचय (Parsing / Syntactical Analysis)

पद-परिचय is a 3-mark analytical question where you dissect each word in a sentence: identify its शब्द-भेद (संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया, क्रिया-विशेषण, संबंधबोधक, समुच्चयबोधक, विस्मयादिबोधक), then specify लिंग, वचन, कारक, पुरुष, काल, वाच्य as applicable. Typical sentence: 'राम ने सीता को फल दिया।' Parse each word: राम — व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा, पुल्लिंग, एकवचन, कर्ता कारक; ने — परसर्ग; सीता — व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा, स्त्रीलिंग, एकवचन, कर्म कारक; को — परसर्ग; फल — जातिवाचक संज्ञा, पुल्लिंग, एकवचन, कर्म कारक; दिया — सकर्मक क्रिया, भूतकाल, पुल्लिंग, एकवचन, कर्तृवाच्य। Examiners award 1 mark per word; partial credit for incomplete but correct elements. Common mistakes: missing कारक or वाच्य, wrong लिंग/वचन. Practice 10-12 sentences covering all शब्द-भेद. Time: 4-5 minutes.

3-Mark Questions — अलंकार की व्याख्या और नए उदाहरण

Three-mark अलंकार questions demand definition, identification, and two original examples. For instance, 'उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार की परिभाषा लिखकर दो उदाहरण दीजिए।' Answer structure: (i) परिभाषा — जहाँ उपमेय में उपमान की संभावना या कल्पना हो ('मानो', 'जनु', 'मनु' का प्रयोग); (ii) उदाहरण 1 — 'पीपर पात सरिस मन डोला'; (iii) उदाहरण 2 — 'सखि वे मुझसे कहकर जाते मानो टूट पड़ेंगे बादल।' Full marks need accurate definition + two valid, distinct examples. Avoid repeating textbook examples verbatim; paraphrase or create new ones to demonstrate understanding. Time: 4 minutes.

5-Mark Questions — अनुच्छेद-लेखन (Paragraph Writing)

अनुच्छेद-लेखन is a 5-mark compulsory question in Section B. CBSE provides three prompts; students choose one and write 100-120 words. Topics in recent years: स्वच्छ भारत अभियान, ऑनलाइन शिक्षा के लाभ-हानि, युवाओं में खेलों का महत्व, पर्यावरण संरक्षण। Mark scheme: 2 marks for content (ideas, relevance), 2 marks for expression (coherence, grammar), 1 mark for format (title, introduction-body-conclusion flow). Structure: (i) शीर्षक — catchy, one line; (ii) परिचय — 2 sentences defining topic; (iii) मुख्य भाग — 4-5 sentences with 2-3 points; (iv) निष्कर्ष — 1-2 sentences summarising or suggesting action. Avoid bullet points; use连贯 prose. Common mistakes: exceeding word limit (penalties apply), no title, repetitive ideas. Practice 10 diverse topics with a timer (12 minutes). CBSETUTOR.ai offers instant feedback on अनुच्छेद drafts; students upload a photo of handwritten work and receive grammar corrections and content suggestions within seconds — all at ₹999/month with a 3-day free trial.

शीर्षक: आकर्षक, विषय से संबंधित।
परिचय: 2-3 वाक्य, विषय की पृष्ठभूमि।
मुख्य भाग: 2-3 मुख्य बिंदु, उदाहरण सहित।
निष्कर्ष: संक्षेप या सुझाव, 1-2 वाक्य।
भाषा: सरल, स्पष्ट, व्याकरणिक रूप से शुद्ध; मुहावरे/लोकोक्तियाँ प्रभावी।
शब्द-सीमा: 100-120; +10% तक स्वीकार्य, अधिक होने पर अंक कटते हैं।

5-Mark Questions — पत्र-लेखन (Letter Writing: औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक)

पत्र-लेखन carries 5 marks and appears in Section B; one prompt is औपचारिक (formal) and one अनौपचारिक (informal). Students must master both formats. औपचारिक पत्र targets authorities, editors, principals: format is sender's address (top-right), date, receiver's designation and address (left), विषय, संबोधन (महोदय/महोदया), main body (2-3 paragraphs), धन्यवाद/भवदीय, signature. अनौपचारिक पत्र is to family/friends: address + date (top-right), प्रिय/आदरणीय, main body (friendly tone), आपका/तुम्हारा, name. Mark distribution: 1 mark format, 2 marks content, 2 marks language. Recent topics: प्रधानाचार्य को खेल सुविधा हेतु पत्र, संपादक को यातायात समस्या पर पत्र, मित्र को परीक्षा की तैयारी के बारे में पत्र, छोटे भाई को अनुशासन का महत्व समझाते हुए पत्र। Time: 10 minutes. Common errors: wrong संबोधन, missing विषय in formal letters, informal tone in formal letters, exceeding 120 words. Practice 5 औपचारिक and 5 अनौपचारिक letters to cover typical scenarios.

औपचारिक पत्र संरचना: पता, दिनांक, प्राप्तकर्ता का पता, विषय, संबोधन, मुख्य भाग (2-3 अनुच्छेद), धन्यवाद, भवदीय/प्रार्थी, हस्ताक्षर।
अनौपचारिक पत्र संरचना: पता, दिनांक, प्रिय/आदरणीय, मुख्य भाग (व्यक्तिगत स्वर), समापन (आपका/तुम्हारा), नाम।
भाषा: औपचारिक में विनम्र, तटस्थ; अनौपचारिक में मैत्रीपूर्ण, सहज।
शब्द-सीमा: 100-120; संक्षिप्त और स्पष्ट बिंदु।

5-Mark Questions — विज्ञापन-लेखन (Advertisement Writing)

विज्ञापन-लेखन may appear as a 3-5 mark optional question. CBSE expects a compact, visually appealing layout within a box. Essential elements: (i) आकर्षक शीर्षक/स्लोगन; (ii) मुख्य सूचना — product/service/event details; (iii) संपर्क विवरण — phone, email, address; (iv) optional — logo sketch, bullet points for features. Mark scheme: 1 mark presentation (box, neatness), 2 marks content (completeness), 2 marks language (catchy phrases, grammar). Topics: बिक्री के लिए मकान, कोचिंग क्लास, खोई वस्तु, वांछित नौकरी। Keep language persuasive but concise. Use large fonts for headline, medium for body. Avoid essay-style paragraphs; bullets and short phrases work best. Time: 8 minutes. Practice drawing neat boxes and spacing content evenly.

शीर्षक: बड़े अक्षरों में, आकर्षक।
मुख्य विवरण: संक्षिप्त बुलेट पॉइंट्स में (विशेषताएँ, मूल्य, स्थान)।
संपर्क: मोबाइल नंबर, ईमेल, पता।
प्रस्तुति: चौकोर बॉक्स, साफ हस्तलेख, संतुलित अंतर।
भाषा: प्रेरक, सकारात्मक (उदा. 'सीमित समय के लिए', 'विशेष छूट')।

How CBSE Frames Questions from व्याकरण और रचना

CBSE's question-setting philosophy for व्याकरण और रचना emphasises application over rote definitions. रस and अलंकार questions present unseen couplets or sentences; students must infer the रस from भाव and context, not memorised examples. वाच्य conversions use contemporary, real-life sentence structures — 'स्मार्टफोन द्वारा कई कार्य किए जाते हैं' appeared in 2023. पद-परिचय sentences mix simple and compound clauses to test thorough grammatical understanding. Writing tasks (अनुच्छेद, पत्र, विज्ञापन) target current social issues: digital addiction, swachh bharat, career guidance, environmental conservation. The board values originality; repetitive, textbook-lifted answers score lower. Sample papers and previous-year questions (2020-2024) reveal patterns: रस questions favour श्रृंगार, वीर, करुण; अलंकार focuses on अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक, यमक; पत्र-लेखन alternates between शिकायती and निवेदन-आधारित formats. Mark distribution is transparent but strict — grammatical errors in a 5-mark पत्र can cost 1-2 marks even if content is strong. Examiners appreciate clean handwriting, bullet structures in पद-परिचय, and boxed format in विज्ञापन. Practice under timed conditions replicates exam pressure and improves speed.

Unseen examples: All रस and अलंकार questions use fresh lines, not NCERT text.
Real-world sentences: वाच्य and पद-परिचय reflect current usage, not archaic Hindi.
Topical writing prompts: Align with government campaigns, social trends, student life.
Clarity rewarded: Bullet-point answers in पद-परिचय, clear paragraphs in अनुच्छेद score higher.
Zero tolerance for grammatical errors in writing tasks: each mistake can cost 0.5 marks.
Sample papers 2023-2024 show 60% of grammar marks come from रस, अलंकार, वाच्य combined.

Common Mistakes Students Make — and How to Avoid Them

Many students lose easy marks in व्याकरण और रचना due to preventable errors. In रस identification, mixing up स्थायी भाव is common: students write 'क्रोध' for वीर रस instead of 'उत्साह' (क्रोध belongs to रौद्र). For अलंकार, confusing यमक (same word, different meanings) with अनुप्रास (consonant repetition) costs marks. In वाच्य conversion, incorrect postpositions ('राम को किताब पढ़ी गई' instead of 'राम द्वारा') or wrong verb conjugation ('पढ़ा' instead of 'पढ़ी गई' for feminine singular) are frequent. पद-परिचय errors include missing कारक labels or stating wrong लिंग/वचन. In अनुच्छेद-लेखन, students often write bullet points instead of paragraphs, forget the title, or exceed 150 words, triggering penalties. पत्र-लेखन mistakes: using informal tone in formal letters ('हाय' instead of 'महोदय'), omitting विषय, placing sender's address on the left in formal letters. विज्ञापन-लेखन suffers when students write long paragraphs instead of catchy bullets, or forget the contact details entirely. Finally, poor handwriting and untidy presentation can reduce impression marks. To avoid these: (i) Create a checklist for each format; (ii) Practice writing under 12-minute timers; (iii) Self-review using the CBSE marking scheme; (iv) Use CBSETUTOR.ai to upload practice answers and get instant AI feedback on grammar, format, and content — available 24×7 for just ₹999/month with a 3-day free trial covering Classes 6-12.

रस: Memorise all 9 रस and their unique स्थायी भाव; don't guess.
अलंकार: Distinguish शब्दालंकार (अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष) from अर्थालंकार (उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, मानवीकरण).
वाच्य: Master postposition rules — 'ने' in कर्तृवाच्य, 'से/द्वारा' in कर्म/भाववाच्य.
पद-परिचय: Always state शब्द-भेद first, then all applicable attributes (लिंग, वचन, कारक, etc.).
अनुच्छेद: Write continuous prose, not bullets; stick to 100-120 words; include title.
पत्र: Check संबोधन and tone match the letter type; don't mix formats.
विज्ञापन: Box format, large headline, bullet details, contact info mandatory.
Handwriting and neatness: Poor presentation can cost 1-2 impression marks across writing tasks.

Revision Strategy and Time Management for व्याकरण और रचना

An efficient revision plan for Chapter 16 should allocate 10-12 hours over two weeks. Day 1-2: Revise रस definitions, स्थायी भाव, and solve 10 identification questions. Day 3-4: Cover all अलंकार with definitions and create 2 original examples for each. Day 5-6: Practice 15 वाच्य conversions (5 each for कर्तृ, कर्म, भाव). Day 7: Solve 5 full पद-परिचय questions with self-checking. Day 8-10: Write 3 अनुच्छेद, 3 formal पत्र, 3 informal पत्र under timed conditions (10-12 minutes each). Day 11: Draft 3 विज्ञापन layouts. Day 12: Attempt a full mock Section B+C (35 minutes, 18 marks) using a past-year paper. During the exam, allocate time strictly: 1-mark MCQ — 30 seconds; 2-mark — 2 minutes; 3-mark — 4 minutes; 5-mark — 10-12 minutes. Start with grammar (रस, अलंकार, वाच्य, पद-परिचय) because they are objective and quick; finish writing tasks last when your hand is warmed up. Keep a watch on your desk. If stuck on a पद-परिचय word, move on and return later; don't sacrifice easier marks. Finally, reserve 3 minutes at the end to review: check spellings, add missing titles, verify all parts of पत्र format. Consistent practice transforms व्याकरण और रचना from intimidating to score-boosting.

Week 1: रस (2 days), अलंकार (2 days), वाच्य (2 days), पद-परिचय (1 day).
Week 2: अनुच्छेद (2 days), पत्र (2 days), विज्ञापन (1 day), full mock (1 day).
Exam day time budget: 1-mark = 30 sec; 2-mark = 2 min; 3-mark = 4 min; 5-mark = 10-12 min.
Sequence: Tackle grammar first (objective, faster), then writing (subjective, slower).
Mock tests: Simulate exam pressure; use CBSE sample papers 2023-2024.
Self-check: Compare your answers with model answers; note recurring mistakes.
CBSETUTOR.ai tip: Upload photos of practice answers for instant grammar and format feedback.

Frequently asked questions

How many marks does Chapter 16 व्याकरण और रचना carry in the CBSE Class 10 Hindi board exam?+

Chapter 16 topics collectively contribute 15-18 marks across Section B (Writing: अनुच्छेद, पत्र, विज्ञापन — 10 marks) and Section C (Grammar: रस, अलंकार, वाच्य, पद-परिचय — 5-8 marks). Exact distribution varies yearly but grammar and composition together form roughly 18-20% of the total paper.

What is the easiest way to remember all 9 रस and their स्थायी भाव?+

Use the mnemonic 'श्री हरि का रौद्र वीर भय बीभत्स अद्भुत शांत' to recall the 9 रस. Pair each with its स्थायी भाव: श्रृंगार-रति, हास्य-हास, करुण-शोक, रौद्र-क्रोध, वीर-उत्साह, भयानक-भय, बीभत्स-जुगुप्सा, अद्भुत-विस्मय, शांत-निर्वेद. Write them out 5 times and test yourself with flashcards.

How do I distinguish between यमक and अनुप्रास अलंकार?+

अनुप्रास repeats consonants for musical effect (e.g. 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें'). यमक repeats the entire word with different meanings each time (e.g. 'माला फेरत जुग गया, गया न मन का फेर' — 'फेरत' and 'फेर' are यमक). Focus on meaning shift for यमक, sound repetition for अनुप्रास.

What are the most common वाच्य conversion errors and how can I avoid them?+

Common errors: using 'ने' in कर्मवाच्य (it belongs to कर्तृवाच्य), wrong verb conjugation ('खाया' vs 'खाया गया'), missing 'से/द्वारा'. Formula: कर्तृवाच्य → subject + ने + object + verb; कर्मवाच्य → object + 'से/द्वारा' + verb (जाना conjugated). Practice 20 sentences covering all tenses to internalise the patterns.

How much time should I spend on पद-परिचय in the exam?+

Allocate 4-5 minutes for a 3-mark पद-परिचय question. Parse 3-4 words as instructed. Write in bullet format: word, शब्द-भेद, लिंग, वचन, कारक, other attributes. If unsure about one word, skip and return; securing 2/3 marks is better than losing all 3 by running out of time.

What format should I follow for औपचारिक पत्र-लेखन?+

Top-right: sender's address, date. Left: receiver's designation and address. Centre: विषय (underlined). Left: संबोधन (महोदय/महोदया). Body: 2-3 paragraphs (introduce issue, elaborate, request action). Closing: धन्यवाद, भवदीय/प्रार्थी, signature. Stick to formal, respectful language; avoid colloquialisms.

Is विज्ञापन-लेखन compulsory or optional in the CBSE Class 10 Hindi paper?+

विज्ञापन-लेखन is typically optional; CBSE may offer a choice between विज्ञापन and सूचना-लेखन or an extra अनुच्छेद. If optional, choose the format you have practiced more. If compulsory, remember: box layout, catchy headline, bullet details, contact info — 3-5 marks.

Can I use English words in my अनुच्छेद-लेखन answer?+

Minimise English; CBSE prefers pure Hindi. Unavoidable terms like 'Internet', 'smartphone' are acceptable if no standard Hindi equivalent is commonly used. Overuse of English can cost language marks. When in doubt, paraphrase in Hindi or use देवनागरी transliteration.

How can CBSETUTOR.ai help me practice व्याकरण और रचना questions?+

CBSETUTOR.ai offers 24×7 AI tutoring for Classes 6-12 at ₹999/month. Upload a photo of your handwritten अनुच्छेद, पत्र, or grammar answer; the AI checks grammar, format, content, and suggests improvements instantly. Practice unlimited questions, get step-by-step solutions for रस, अलंकार, वाच्य, and पद-परिचय. Start with a 3-day free trial — no credit card needed.

What is the word limit for अनुच्छेद-लेखन and पत्र-लेखन, and are there penalties for exceeding it?+

Both require 100-120 words. CBSE allows +10% (up to ~130 words) without penalty, but exceeding 150 words may result in deduction of 0.5-1 mark. Conversely, writing fewer than 90 words signals incomplete content and also loses marks. Practice counting words during revision to gauge your natural pace.

Related resources

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