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CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants — Notes

CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants is a foundational chapter that reveals how living organisms obtain the energy and nutrients they need to survive. Unlike animals that must hunt, gather, or consume food, plants possess the remarkable ability to manufacture their own food using nothing but sunlight, air, and water. This chapter from the NCERT Class 7 Science textbook explains autotrophic nutrition (self-feeding), heterotrophic nutrition (feeding on others), photosynthesis, and various nutritional strategies including saprotrophic and parasitic modes. Students discover why plants are called producers, how oxygen is generated, and how food chains begin.

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Key takeaways

✓Plants are autotrophs that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis using sunlight, water from soil, and carbon dioxide from air, while animals are heterotrophs that must consume ready-made food from other organisms.
✓Photosynthesis occurs in leaves containing chlorophyll and produces glucose (plant food) and oxygen as a byproduct, forming the foundation of all food chains and the oxygen we breathe.
✓Stomata are microscopic pores on leaf surfaces that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen plus water vapor to exit during photosynthesis and respiration.
✓Saprotrophs like fungi and bacteria are nature's recyclers, feeding on dead organic matter and returning nutrients to soil, making them available for plant absorption again.
✓Parasites such as dodder plant (Cuscuta), tapeworms, and mosquitoes live on or inside host organisms, extracting nutrients and harming the host without providing any benefit in return.
✓Symbiotic relationships include mutualism where both organisms benefit (bees and flowers, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes), commensalism where one benefits without harming the other, and parasitism where one benefits at the expense of the host.
✓Root nodules in legume plants (peas, beans) contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria in a mutualistic partnership, converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms while the plant provides food to bacteria.

Understanding Autotrophic Nutrition in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1

Autotrophic nutrition is the defining feature of plants covered in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants. The term 'autotroph' comes from Greek: 'auto' meaning self and 'troph' meaning food. Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food from simple non-living substances. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through tiny pores called stomata, take up water and minerals from soil through their root system, and capture sunlight energy using the green pigment chlorophyll located in their leaves. Through the chemical process of photosynthesis, these raw materials are converted into glucose (a simple sugar) that serves as food for the plant. This glucose provides energy for all plant activities including growth, reproduction, and repair. The beauty of autotrophic nutrition is that plants do not depend on any other organism for their food supply — they are self-sufficient food factories. This independence makes plants the primary producers in every ecosystem on Earth. All food chains and food webs begin with autotrophs because they convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules. Without autotrophs, there would be no source of food or oxygen for heterotrophs (animals, fungi, most bacteria). The NCERT Class 7 Science textbook emphasizes that photosynthesis is not just important for plants — it sustains all life by producing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Autotrophs synthesize their own food from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in chloroplasts, captures light energy for photosynthesis
Plants are primary producers forming the base of all food chains
Autotrophic nutrition makes plants independent of other organisms for energy
Examples of autotrophs include all green plants, algae, and some bacteria

Heterotrophic Nutrition and Its Types in Class 7 Science Chapter 1

Heterotrophic nutrition is the nutritional mode where organisms cannot manufacture their own food and must obtain ready-made organic food from other living organisms. The word 'heterotroph' means 'other-feeding'. CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants introduces heterotrophic nutrition to contrast it with autotrophic nutrition. All animals, including humans, are heterotrophs. We must eat plants (herbivores), eat other animals (carnivores), or eat both (omnivores) to obtain energy and nutrients. Fungi and most bacteria are also heterotrophs, though they obtain food differently than animals. Heterotrophs break down the complex organic molecules in their food using digestive enzymes, releasing energy and simple molecules that their bodies use for growth and repair. The NCERT textbook explains that heterotrophs are consumers in food chains — they consume the energy that autotrophs captured from sunlight. Without plants and other autotrophs producing food, heterotrophs would have no energy source. There are several sub-types of heterotrophic nutrition covered in this chapter: saprotrophic nutrition (feeding on dead matter), parasitic nutrition (feeding on a living host while harming it), and holozoic nutrition (ingesting solid food, digesting it internally, and egesting waste — the mode used by most animals). Understanding heterotrophic nutrition helps students appreciate the interdependence of organisms in ecosystems.

Heterotrophs depend on other organisms for ready-made organic food
Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, omnivores eat both
Humans are heterotrophs requiring food from plants and animals
Heterotrophs are consumers positioned above producers in food chains
Sub-types include saprotrophic, parasitic, and holozoic nutrition

Photosynthesis: The Food-Making Process in CBSE Class 7 Science

Photosynthesis is the fundamental biochemical process that CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants explores in detail. The word photosynthesis comes from 'photo' (light) and 'synthesis' (putting together). During photosynthesis, plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs primarily in the leaves, specifically within cellular structures called chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. Photosynthesis happens in two stages: the light-dependent reactions (which occur in the thylakoid membranes and require direct sunlight to split water molecules and release oxygen) and the light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle (which occur in the stroma and use the energy captured from light to fix carbon dioxide into glucose). The overall chemical equation is: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂. In simple words: carbon dioxide plus water plus light energy produces glucose plus oxygen. The glucose produced is either used immediately for energy through respiration or stored as starch in roots, stems, and fruits. The oxygen released is a byproduct that diffuses out through stomata into the atmosphere — this is the oxygen that all aerobic organisms, including humans, breathe. The NCERT textbook emphasizes that photosynthesis is the most important biological process on Earth because it is the source of all food and most oxygen.

Role of Chlorophyll and Stomata in Nutrition in Plants

CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants highlights two critical structures that make photosynthesis possible: chlorophyll and stomata. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found inside chloroplasts in plant cells. It is chlorophyll that gives leaves their characteristic green color. Chlorophyll molecules have the special ability to absorb light energy from the sun, particularly red and blue wavelengths, while reflecting green light (which is why leaves appear green to our eyes). This absorbed light energy is then used to power the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. Without chlorophyll, plants could not capture light energy and therefore could not make their own food. Stomata (singular: stoma) are microscopic pores found primarily on the underside of leaves. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that can swell or shrink to open or close the pore. Stomata serve three vital functions: they allow carbon dioxide from the air to enter the leaf for photosynthesis, they let oxygen produced during photosynthesis exit into the atmosphere, and they permit water vapor to escape through transpiration (which helps pull water up from roots). The NCERT textbook notes that stomata typically open during the day when photosynthesis occurs and close at night to prevent water loss. The coordination between chlorophyll capturing light and stomata exchanging gases is what makes plant nutrition possible.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll reflects green light, giving leaves their green appearance
Stomata are tiny pores on leaf surfaces for gas exchange
Guard cells surround each stoma and control opening and closing
Stomata allow CO₂ entry and O₂ and water vapor exit

Saprotrophic Nutrition: Nature's Recyclers in Class 7 Science

Saprotrophic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition where organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter. The term 'sapro' means rotten or decaying. CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants explains that saprotrophs (also called saprophytes or decomposers) include most fungi (mushrooms, bread mold, yeast) and many bacteria. These organisms play a crucial ecological role as nature's recyclers. Saprotrophs do not ingest food the way animals do. Instead, they secrete powerful digestive enzymes onto dead plant material, animal carcasses, fallen leaves, rotting wood, or any other dead organic matter. These enzymes break down complex organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) into simpler substances outside the organism's body. The saprotroph then absorbs these simpler nutrients through its cell walls. This external digestion is characteristic of saprotrophic nutrition. The NCERT textbook emphasizes that without saprotrophs, dead organisms and waste products would accumulate on Earth's surface, and essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon would remain locked in dead matter instead of returning to the soil. Saprotrophs decompose this dead material and release nutrients back into the ecosystem, where plant roots can absorb them. This nutrient cycling is essential for soil fertility and plant growth. A compost pit, for example, is essentially a controlled environment where saprotrophic bacteria and fungi break down kitchen scraps and garden waste into rich, nutrient-filled compost.

Parasitic Nutrition in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

Parasitic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition where one organism (the parasite) lives on or inside another living organism (the host) and obtains nutrients from it. The parasite benefits while the host is harmed. CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants introduces parasitism with plant examples, though animal parasites are also mentioned. The NCERT textbook features the dodder plant (Cuscuta) as a classic example of a plant parasite. Cuscuta is a yellowish-orange vine with no green leaves and no roots in the soil. It cannot perform photosynthesis. Instead, it wraps around a host plant's stem and sends root-like structures called haustoria into the host's vascular tissue. Through these haustoria, Cuscuta sucks out water, minerals, and organic nutrients that the host plant made through photosynthesis. The host plant becomes weakened, grows slowly, and may even die if the infestation is severe. Other examples of parasitic nutrition include animal parasites such as tapeworms living in human intestines (absorbing digested food), lice feeding on blood and skin, mosquitoes sucking blood, and ticks on dogs. Parasites have evolved specialized adaptations to attach to or penetrate their hosts and extract nutrients efficiently. Unlike predators that kill and consume their prey quickly, parasites keep their hosts alive as long as possible because the host is their ongoing food source. The harm to the host distinguishes parasitism from other symbiotic relationships.

Parasite obtains nutrients from a living host, harming it in the process
Dodder plant (Cuscuta) is a parasitic plant with no chlorophyll or roots in soil
Haustoria are root-like structures parasitic plants use to penetrate host tissue
Animal parasites include tapeworms, mosquitoes, lice, and ticks
Parasites keep hosts alive to ensure continued food supply

Symbiosis and Mutualism in Nutrition in Plants

Symbiosis means 'living together' — it refers to a close, long-term relationship between two different species. CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants explores symbiotic relationships to show that nutrition in nature is not always competitive. The NCERT textbook focuses on mutualism, a type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit. One of the most important examples is the relationship between legume plants (like peas, beans, clover) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium species). These bacteria live inside swollen structures called root nodules on legume roots. The bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N₂), which plants cannot use, into ammonia and nitrate compounds that plants can absorb and use to make proteins. In return, the legume plant provides the bacteria with glucose (food) produced through photosynthesis and a protected environment inside the nodules. Both partners benefit: the plant gets usable nitrogen, and the bacteria get food and shelter. Another classic example of mutualism is lichens, which are composite organisms made of a fungus and an alga living together. The fungus provides structure, absorbs water, and protects the alga. The alga performs photosynthesis and produces food that both organisms share. Neither partner could survive alone in the harsh environments (bare rock, Arctic tundra) where lichens thrive. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators (bees, butterflies, birds) is also mutualistic: plants provide nectar (food) and pollinators transfer pollen, enabling plant reproduction.

Food Chains and Energy Flow Starting from Plants

CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants establishes that plants are the foundation of all food chains because they are the primary producers. A food chain is a sequence showing who eats whom in an ecosystem. Every food chain begins with an autotroph (usually a plant) that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy stored in glucose. This energy then flows through the ecosystem as herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat herbivores, and apex predators eat smaller carnivores. For example, a simple food chain might be: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle. The grass is the producer (autotroph), capturing solar energy. The grasshopper is the primary consumer (herbivore), eating the grass. The frog is the secondary consumer (carnivore), eating the grasshopper. The snake is the tertiary consumer, and the eagle is the apex predator. At each step, energy is transferred but also lost as heat through respiration and movement, which is why food chains rarely exceed four or five levels. The NCERT textbook explains that without photosynthesis in plants, no energy would enter the biological world, and no food chains could exist. Even carnivores that never eat plants are indirectly dependent on plant photosynthesis because their prey animals ate plants or ate animals that ate plants. This concept reinforces why Nutrition in Plants is so fundamental to understanding ecology.

All food chains begin with autotrophs (plants) that produce food via photosynthesis
Energy flows from producers to herbivores to carnivores in a food chain
At each step, approximately 90% of energy is lost as heat, so chains are short
Even apex predators depend indirectly on plant photosynthesis for energy
Decomposers (saprotrophs) break down dead organisms at every level, recycling nutrients

Why Green Leaves are Essential for Photosynthesis

The NCERT Class 7 Science textbook emphasizes that green leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis in plants. Leaves are perfectly adapted for this function. They are broad and flat, maximizing the surface area exposed to sunlight. The green color comes from chlorophyll pigment concentrated in chloroplasts within leaf cells. Each leaf contains millions of chloroplasts. The leaf's internal structure is also optimized: the upper epidermis is transparent, allowing sunlight to penetrate to the mesophyll cells below where most chloroplasts are located. The mesophyll has air spaces that facilitate gas exchange. Veins running through the leaf (xylem and phloem) transport water to the leaf cells and carry away the glucose produced. Stomata on the lower epidermis open to let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants explains that without green leaves, most plants could not perform photosynthesis effectively and would not survive. Some plants have green stems (like cacti) that perform photosynthesis when leaves are reduced to spines to prevent water loss in deserts. Variegated leaves (with white or yellow patches) have some cells lacking chlorophyll — those patches cannot photosynthesize, demonstrating that chlorophyll is essential. Experiments in the NCERT textbook (such as testing a leaf for starch after exposing it to light) confirm that photosynthesis occurs in green parts of leaves only.

Comparing Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants draws a clear contrast between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophs are self-sufficient food producers that synthesize organic compounds from inorganic raw materials (CO₂, H₂O) using energy from sunlight. Heterotrophs cannot make their own food and must consume organic matter produced by autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Autotrophs require only simple inputs: sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and minerals. Heterotrophs require complex organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) already synthesized by other organisms. Autotrophs release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, enriching the atmosphere. Heterotrophs consume oxygen for respiration and release carbon dioxide. Autotrophs form the base of food chains as producers. Heterotrophs occupy higher levels as consumers. The NCERT textbook explains that both modes of nutrition are essential for ecosystems. Autotrophs capture and store energy; heterotrophs release and utilize that energy. Autotrophs remove CO₂ from the atmosphere; heterotrophs return it. This interdependence maintains the carbon and oxygen cycles. Without autotrophs, heterotrophs would have no food or oxygen. Without heterotrophs (especially decomposers), dead matter would accumulate and nutrients would not return to the soil for autotrophs to use. Understanding this comparison helps students appreciate the balance in nature.

Insectivorous Plants: Special Case in Nutrition in Plants

Although not the main focus of CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants, the NCERT textbook briefly mentions insectivorous plants to show that nutrition strategies can be mixed. Insectivorous plants (also called carnivorous plants) are autotrophs — they have chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis like normal plants. However, they grow in soil that is very poor in nitrogen and other minerals (like bogs, marshes, rocky areas). To supplement the nitrogen they cannot get from soil, these plants have evolved to trap and digest insects. The plant lures insects using bright colors, sweet scents, or nectar. Once an insect is trapped (in sticky hairs, snap-traps, or pitcher-shaped leaves), the plant secretes digestive enzymes to break down the insect's proteins and absorb nitrogen and minerals from its body. The energy still comes from photosynthesis; the insects provide minerals, not energy. Examples include the Venus flytrap (snap-trap leaves), pitcher plant (insects drown in fluid-filled pitcher), and sundew (sticky hairs trap insects). These plants are both autotrophic (for energy via photosynthesis) and heterotrophic (for minerals from insects). This demonstrates that nutrition modes are not always strictly one or the other. Understanding insectivorous plants broadens students' appreciation of plant adaptations.

Insectivorous plants perform photosynthesis but also trap insects for nitrogen
They grow in nitrogen-poor soils like bogs and need mineral supplementation
Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and sundew are common examples
Insects are digested by enzymes to release nitrogen and minerals
These plants are autotrophic for energy and partially heterotrophic for minerals

Practical Applications of Photosynthesis Knowledge

Understanding CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants has real-world applications. Farmers apply this knowledge to maximize crop yield. They ensure crops receive adequate sunlight (proper spacing, pruning), sufficient water (irrigation), and carbon dioxide (good air circulation). They enrich soil with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (fertilizers) because plants need these minerals in addition to photosynthesis. Greenhouses use controlled environments to optimize photosynthesis: transparent roofs let in maximum light, CO₂ levels are increased, temperature is regulated, and water supply is automated. Urban gardeners position potted plants where they receive at least 5-6 hours of sunlight daily to ensure healthy growth. The concept of oxygen production through photosynthesis is applied in environmental planning: cities plant more trees to improve air quality and reduce CO₂ levels. Aquariums use aquatic plants to produce oxygen for fish and absorb waste CO₂. Space agencies like NASA research photosynthesis for life-support systems in spacecraft and Mars missions, where plants could produce food and oxygen for astronauts. Biofuel production relies on fast-growing plants (like algae) that photosynthesize efficiently, converting sunlight into storable chemical energy. Even understanding the carbon cycle — how CO₂ moves between atmosphere, plants, animals, and decomposers — depends on knowing photosynthesis and respiration. The NCERT textbook introduces these concepts foundationally, preparing students for advanced biology and environmental science.

How CBSETUTOR.ai Helps Master CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants

Many Class 7 students find CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants challenging because it introduces abstract concepts like photosynthesis equations, symbiotic relationships, and nutrition modes that require understanding rather than memorization. Parents often search for quality resources to help their children grasp these concepts thoroughly. This is where CBSETUTOR.ai becomes invaluable. CBSETUTOR.ai is India's most comprehensive 24×7 AI tutor designed specifically for CBSE students in Classes 6 through 12. The platform has ingested every NCERT textbook, including the Class 7 Science book, so it understands Nutrition in Plants inside-out. When a student struggles with a question like 'Why do legume plants have root nodules?' they can simply ask CBSETUTOR.ai and receive a clear, NCERT-aligned explanation instantly. If a student uploads a photo of a diagram showing photosynthesis and asks 'Label this diagram', the AI tutor can analyze the image and provide accurate labels with explanations. The platform offers step-by-step solutions to every NCERT exercise question, including the ones at the end of Chapter 1. Students can practice with additional questions generated by the AI, reinforcing concepts like saprotrophic and parasitic nutrition. Parents appreciate that CBSETUTOR.ai charges just ₹999 per month — one flat price covering all subjects and classes from 6 to 12. There is a 3-day free trial with no card required, letting families test the platform before committing. For a chapter as foundational as Nutrition in Plants, having an AI tutor available anytime means students never stay stuck on a doubt, building confidence and mastery.

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Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition covered in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants?+

Autotrophic nutrition is when organisms like plants make their own food from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight through photosynthesis. Heterotrophic nutrition is when organisms like animals cannot make their own food and must eat other organisms. Autotrophs are producers; heterotrophs are consumers.

Why are green leaves essential for photosynthesis in plants?+

Green leaves contain chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs light energy necessary for photosynthesis. Leaves are also flat and broad to maximize sunlight capture, have stomata for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out), and contain veins that supply water and transport glucose. Without chlorophyll in leaves, plants cannot photosynthesize.

What are stomata and why are they important in Nutrition in Plants?+

Stomata are tiny pores on leaf surfaces, mostly on the underside. They allow carbon dioxide from the air to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and let oxygen produced during photosynthesis exit. Stomata also release water vapor (transpiration). Without stomata, gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis would not occur.

How do saprotrophic organisms like fungi help in nutrient recycling?+

Saprotrophs feed on dead and decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes externally, breaking down complex molecules into simpler nutrients, then absorbing them. This process decomposes dead plants and animals and returns nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon to the soil, where living plants can absorb these nutrients again, maintaining soil fertility.

What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume plants?+

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) live in root nodules of legume plants like peas and beans. They convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia and nitrates that plants can absorb and use to make proteins. In return, the plant provides glucose (food) to the bacteria. This mutualistic relationship benefits both organisms.

Why is the dodder plant considered a parasite in CBSE Class 7 Science Chapter 1?+

The dodder plant (Cuscuta) has no chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis. It wraps around a host plant's stem and sends root-like structures (haustoria) into the host's vascular tissue to suck out water, minerals, and organic nutrients. The host is weakened or killed, while the dodder benefits — this is parasitic nutrition.

How does photosynthesis help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?+

During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air through stomata and use it as a raw material to make glucose. For every 6 molecules of CO₂ absorbed, 1 molecule of glucose is produced and 6 molecules of oxygen are released. This process continuously removes CO₂ from the atmosphere, helping regulate climate.

Can plants perform photosynthesis at night or in darkness?+

No, photosynthesis requires light energy to occur. At night or in darkness, plants cannot photosynthesize because chlorophyll cannot capture light energy. However, plants continue to respire at night, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, which is the opposite of photosynthesis.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis taught in Class 7 Science?+

The word equation is: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen. The chemical equation is: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂. This shows that 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water combine using light energy to produce 1 molecule of glucose and 6 molecules of oxygen.

Why do insectivorous plants eat insects if they can perform photosynthesis?+

Insectivorous plants like Venus flytrap and pitcher plant grow in nitrogen-poor soils. Although they perform photosynthesis for energy, they cannot get enough nitrogen and minerals from the soil. They trap and digest insects to obtain the nitrogen and minerals their bodies need for growth, supplementing what they cannot absorb from soil.

How can parents help their Class 7 child understand photosynthesis better at home?+

Parents can do simple experiments: keep a potted plant in sunlight and another in darkness for a week, then compare growth. Test a leaf for starch using iodine solution after exposing the plant to sunlight. Observe stomata under a microscope if available. Use CBSETUOR.ai (₹999/month, 3-day free trial) for instant AI-tutor explanations and diagram labeling practice aligned to NCERT.

Will CBSE Class 7 board exams have questions from Nutrition in Plants chapter?+

Yes, CBSE Class 7 does not have board exams, but school internal exams and assessments regularly test Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants. Questions include defining autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, explaining photosynthesis, identifying types of nutrition (parasitic, saprotrophic, symbiotic), labeling diagrams of leaf structure and stomata, and short answer questions on nitrogen fixation and food chains.

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